ABOUT
Our Team
Carroll-Loye Biological Research
Since 1989
We serve the Consumer Products Industry with testing, development and regulatory services for insect repellents, organic products, and low toxicity pesticides.
We provide early stage discovery and R&D for novel product types, new active ingredients, and new formulations under US Federal and State Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA), Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA), EU Biocidal Products Regulation and other regulatory authorities. ​
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We pioneered and continue to develop scientific services to help our clients succeed growing and changing demands for product performance , providing superior practice in applied public health and agricultural entomology, and Good Laboratory Practice scientific services. We furnish regulatory and product development advice to facilitate registration under US EPA, PMRA, EU and other regulatory authorities.
We have the scientific acumen and industrial experience to maximize your project's:
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Relevance
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Reliability
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Information content
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Cost effectiveness
We understand that the needs of our sponsors, whether large or small, are ill-served by a boilerplate approach. Everyone on our team of science and regulatory professionals welcomes discussion to best meet your objectives.
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Global in scope, local everywhere
Carroll-Loye has broad expertise in public health, environmental entomology, product development and registration and academic biology. Carroll-Loye utilizes research sites and facilities nationally and throughout the world.
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Working with the regulatory community
We work closely with regulatory bodies (EPA, PMRA, EU, FDA, DoD) to define best practices for meeting our sponsor’s needs and for sound science in general. Our in-house practices are integral to the recommendations of US EPA regulatory guidelines for insect repellent efficacy tests.
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The benefits of working with Carroll-Loye
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Recognized leader in insect repellent development and testing
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Planned approach to safety, performance and registration
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Clear understanding and practical application of EPA Practices
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Cost-effective development
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US/EPA GLP Inspected
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IRB approved Human Research Subject Protocols
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Complete Quality Assurance Monitoring Team
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Protocols approved by California EPA
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Pioneer in the registration of botanical insect repellents
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Global clientele
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Services are confidential
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Is registration my responsibility?
Ensuring product effectiveness and safety, is the responsibility of everyone engaged in the development process.
As a case in point, the rapid spread of West Nile Virus, the unchecked epidemic of Lyme Disease and risks associated with global climate change have raised public awareness of insect repellents as well as expectations for performance and government oversight.
With this increased attention to insect repellents, and the growing concern about liability, businesses are searching for ways to:
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reduce risk of poor performance
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improve confidence in repellent safety and efficacy determination
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fathom and comply with the EPA guidelines
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differentiate themselves from the competition
Assuring reliable, effective and safe insect repellents depends on thorough and professional testing. Even if you use deregulated (‘25B’) active ingredients, efficacy should still be properly demonstrated. Carroll-Loye Biological Research can help you to meet your performance and safety goals.
Dr. Scott Carroll, Ph.D.
President, Founder
Scott is an entomologist and ecologist who develops regulatory-ready public-health and biodiversity solutions at the human–environment interface. He pioneered the science and ethics of U.S. EPA–regulated human-subject insect repellent efficacy studies, integrating IRB and GLP standards into operational field research.
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He was the first scientist to obtain protocol approval under U.S. EPA Human Studies Review Board (HSRB) oversight and has directed nearly all human-subject repellent efficacy studies conducted under HSRB approval since. EPA guidelines for repellent efficacy testing are largely based on protocols he developed and advised upon, providing industry with a clear and defensible pathway to registration.
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Scott directed the efficacy studies supporting the original U.S. registrations of the major DEET alternatives, including picaridin, IR3535, and oil of lemon eucalyptus, as well as evaluations of spatial repellents. He is a globally recognized authority on human-subject and spatial repellent efficacy research.
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He has worked extensively with commercial sponsors and U.S. government agencies, including the Department of Defense, CDC, NIAID, and USDA, to deliver data packages that meet both regulatory and real-world performance requirements. His current work focuses on aligning regulatory guidance with climate-driven changes in mosquito and pathogen dynamics, reducing risk for sponsors operating under rapidly changing ecological conditions. He is a two-time Fulbright Scholar.
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Dr. Jenella Loye, Ph.D.
Medical Entomology, Founder
Jenella's work focuses on arthropod-borne disease systems and parasite ecology, with expertise spanning mosquitoes, black flies, bed bugs, fleas, ticks, lice, and avian parasites.
She brings decades of experience in disease ecology, vector biology, and host–parasite interactions, grounding applied product testing and regulatory science in a rigorous understanding of pathogen transmission, exposure pathways, and ecological context. Her research has been supported by CDC. NIH, NSF, USDA, and state public-health agencies, and she has collaborated extensively with mosquito control districts and public-health programs.
Jenella is the author of numerous peer-reviewed publications, including a seminal edited volume published by Oxford University Press, and her work has helped shape contemporary understanding of vector-borne disease dynamics in both natural and human-dominated systems. At Carroll-Loye, she provides senior scientific guidance ensuring that efficacy studies and public-health evaluations are biologically realistic, epidemiologically informed, and defensible under regulatory review.
Shawn King, M.S.
Scientific & Regulatory Affairs
Shawn King has worked with Carroll-Loye Biological Research for over two decades and plays a central role in delivering regulatory-ready insect repellent efficacy data. He holds a Master’s degree from the University of California, Davis, with training in pest management, agroecology, and restoration ecology.
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He provides scientific and regulatory oversight for human-subject and spatial repellent efficacy studies, with unparalleled operational experience with the U.S. EPA Human Studies Review Board (HSRB). He leads scientific and ethical engagement with U.S. EPA reviewers, including development and presentation of technical arguments supporting protocol approval and data acceptance.
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Shawn authors, maintains, and oversees U.S. EPA Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)–compliant SOP and record-keeping systems for EPA-submitted efficacy studies of skin-applied and spatial repellents, ensuring data integrity, audit readiness, and regulatory defensibility from study initiation to data development and submission, final registration, and record retention.
Dr. David Nielsen, Ph.D.
Product Development
David Nielsen brings over 20 years of industry experience developing, registering, and commercializing pesticidal and repellent products for public health, agriculture, and personal use in California, the United States, and international markets. He supports clients across the full product lifecycle, translating technical concepts into regulatory-ready products with clear paths to market.
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He has deep expertise in state and federal regulatory pathways and maintains active working relationships with industry leaders and regulatory managers, helping sponsors anticipate regulatory expectations, reduce time-to-registration, and avoid late-stage setbacks. He is highly experienced in National Organic Program (NOP) compliance, including organic input material development and registration.
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David support clients by leading formulation development, product optimization, and generation of efficacy, toxicology, and physical-chemistry data supporting regulatory submissions. His work focuses on minimizing rework, controlling development costs, and improving the likelihood of successful registration.
David holds a Ph.D. in Entomology from the University of California, Davis, with emphases in molecular genetics and biochemistry. With extensive experience leading multidisciplinary scientific teams, his background integrates scientific rigor with commercial and regulatory strategy, helping sponsors move products efficiently from concept to approval and commercialization.
Dr. Trevor Fowles, Ph.D.
Director of Field Research
Trevor Fowles leads the design, execution, and management of laboratory and field research programs supporting insect repellent and vector-control product development. He integrates entomological expertise with rigorous experimental design, statistical analysis, and operational execution.
His work focuses on developing biologically meaningful and regulatory-relevant assays informed by insect behavior, including wind-tunnel trials, host-choice experiments, semi-field systems, and large-scale field efficacy studies. He ensures that study designs generate data that are both ecologically realistic and analytically robust.
Trevor has been with Carroll-Loye since 2006 and earned his Ph.D. in Entomology from the University of California, Davis. He brings long-term continuity and leadership to complex research programs conducted under demanding field conditions.
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Cassandre Foran, M.S.
Director of Research Operations
Cassandre Foran oversees the design, coordination, and execution of laboratory, spatial, and human-subject research programs supporting insect repellent and vector-control product development. She integrates training in field biology, ecology, primatology, and entomology with rigorous operational and regulatory execution.
She plays a central role in ensuring that studies are conducted in compliance with U.S. EPA and state regulatory requirements, serving as a key liaison among clients, regulatory agencies, and CLBR’s scientific teams. Her responsibilities span study planning, protocol development, project management, budgeting, logistics, and reporting, ensuring that complex programs remain on schedule and audit-ready.
Cass joined Carroll-Loye as a field assistant in 2014, earned a Master of Research degree with Distinction from the University of Roehampton (London) and joined CLBR full-time in 2019. She now plays a lead role in the regulatory and clinical execution of human-subject insect repellent studies.
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Ralph Washington, Jr., M.S.
Senior Officer, Analytics and Special Projects
Ralph is a professional entomologist with a focus analysis, technology and information sharing. He received a Master's degree in Entomology from UC Davis in 2017, and studied graduate level Public Policy and Statistics at UC Berkeley. He works to insure excellence in our client analytical and entomological services. As a graduate student, Ralph captained the World Champion UC Davis Linnean Games Team, which under his leadership achieved historic dominance in that premier academic insect trivia competition. Ralph is also an in-demand public speaker and science educator.
Collin Pihl, B.S.
Laboratory Manager
Colin provides essential technical, laboratory, and insectary leadership supporting regulated efficacy studies. He holds a B.S. in Global Disease Biology from the University of California, Davis.
His responsibilities include mosquito colony and insectary management, laboratory and field efficacy testing, and hands-on support of human-subject and spatial repellent studies. He plays a key role in maintaining the biological integrity, continuity, and reliability of experimental systems operating under U.S. EPA regulatory frameworks, with demonstrated GLP literacy.
Prior to joining CLBR, Colin worked in the medical field as a certified Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-B), bringing applied clinical awareness and operational discipline to human-subject research environments. He is trained in BLS/CPR and plans to pursue advanced training in public health and clinical laboratory sciences, reflecting a long-term commitment to public health, laboratory excellence, and regulatory science.